黄土丘陵区不同退耕还林地土壤颗粒结合态碳库分异特征

为揭示黄土丘陵区不同退耕还林土壤有机碳库差异及变化机制,比较分析了15 a生刺槐、山杏、杨树、沙棘、柠条5种退耕还林地土壤砂粒(≥53~2000μm)、粉粒(≥2~53μm)、黏粒(2μm)结合碳的质量分数与分布变化状况。结果表明,与坡耕地比较,不同退耕林地从表层0~10cm到40~60 cm土层土壤总有机碳质量分数增加了1.0~1.9 g/kg,砂粒碳、粉粒碳、黏粒碳质量分数分别增加了0.5~0.1、1.0~0.6、0.4~0.3 g/kg。同时,各林地0~20 cm土层土壤总有机碳和粉粒碳密度差异为杨树=柠条沙棘山杏刺槐,两种碳库增幅分别为2.4~5.8和1.2~3.5 Mg/hm2;但不同林地该土层黏粒碳和砂粒碳基本无显著差异,平均增幅分别为0.7和0.9 Mg/hm2。土层深度为0~60 cm时,土壤总有机碳、粉粒碳、黏粒碳密度均表现为沙棘=杨树=柠条山杏=刺槐,3种碳库增幅分别7.1~12.1、3.8~6.8、1.8~3.2 Mg/hm2;该土层砂粒碳密度在不同林地间仍无显著差异,平均提高了1.5 Mg/hm2。不同林地土壤颗粒碳组分占全有机碳比例均以粉粒碳最高(56.8%)、黏粒碳次之(29.3%),砂粒碳最低(13.8%)。综上,不同退耕林地均以粉粒碳为土壤碳库变化和累积的主要形式,但以刺槐和山杏林提升退耕土壤总有机碳及颗粒碳组分库效应最明显,可作为该区域优选的退耕还林生态固碳技术。     

氮素对不同生育期小麦植株累积硒的影响

【目的】施用氮肥是农业生产上最重要的增产措施之一,但增施氮肥对不同生育期小麦植株中硒累积、 转运和分配的影响尚不明确。本研究通过盆栽试验研究不同氮水平对小麦生长过程中植株各器官硒累积的影响,为合理施氮提高小麦硒含量提供理论参考。【方法】 试验设置N 100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg 两个水平,每个氮水平设置低硒 (Se 0.81 mg/kg)和高硒 (Se 5.02 mg/kg) 处理,分别在小麦苗期、 拔节期、 孕穗期、 抽穗期、 扬花期、 灌浆期和成熟期取样,分析不同生育期小麦对土壤外源硒的吸收速率,探讨不同硒水平下施氮量对小麦各器官硒累积、 转运和分配的影响。【结果】 1)与低氮相比,高氮促进了小麦籽粒产量增加,低硒的促进作用大于高硒,低硒和高硒时的高氮处理小麦籽粒产量较低氮处理分别提高了21.7%和13.7%。低硒时的高氮处理能提高小麦穗(特别是籽粒)和老叶中的硒含量,籽粒和颖壳硒含量较低氮处理分别提高了31.2%和13.6%,但高硒时高氮处理却导致小麦各器官(特别是籽粒和根)中硒含量下降,其中籽粒和根部硒含量较低氮处理分别下降了13.2%和17.8%。 2)相同硒水平下,高氮处理小麦根部硒占植株总硒的比例较低氮处理下降了约1/4; 在营养生长阶段,低硒时高氮处理能促进硒向小麦地上部转运,而在生殖生长阶段其能促进硒从小麦茎叶向颖壳和籽粒中转运,使得籽粒中硒占总硒比例提高了18.4%; 但高硒时高氮处理却促进硒从茎叶转运到颖壳中,致使籽粒中硒占总硒比例下降了8.0%。3)小麦根部硒含量在苗期和拔节期,抽穗期和扬花期之间增长幅度最大,说明此期间是小麦硒吸收的敏感期。【结论】小麦硒含量因生育期和外源硒水平的不同而异,施氮量也影响着小麦硒累积、 转运和分配。增施氮肥能提高硒的利用效率,建议低硒地区农业生产中补硒时要结合氮的合理施用。     

黄土台塬土地利用方式对土壤有机碳矿化及温室气体排放的影响

以黄土台塬区耕地、天然草地、灌木林地、乔灌混交林和乔木林地为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法、室内密闭培养法对其土壤温室气体及有机碳矿化动态进行了监测和分析。结果表明:土壤总有机碳和各种活性碳组分含量分布规律一致,均表现为草地显著高于林地,林地显著高于耕地(P0.05);土壤有机碳矿化量趋势为培养初期增长迅速,后期增速缓慢,0~5 cm土层草地土壤有机碳矿化累积量是林地的1.26~1.34倍,是耕地的1.82倍,5~20 cm土层较0~5 cm土层有所降低,耕地降幅高达48%;不同土地利用土壤矿化碳潜力Cp值在0.81~2.70 mg·kg~(-1)之间且差异显著(P0.05),而不同土地利用土壤有机碳分解速率常数k差异不显著;五种土地利用方式的土壤可矿化碳累计分配比例表明,耕地土壤有机碳矿化能力最高,固存量最小,而草地土壤有机碳矿化能力最低,固存量最多;耕地土壤释放的主要温室气体CO_2和N_2O强度显著高于其他用地类型,而CH_4的吸收强度为林地天然草地耕地。综上,退耕还林还草极大地推动了该区土壤有机碳的固定,减弱了土壤向大气排放温室气体的潜力。     

Pb(Ⅱ)在天然土壤纳米颗粒上的吸附-解吸:pH和离子强度的影响

选择提取自四种典型土壤的天然纳米颗粒作为吸附材料,研究了p H及离子强度(IS)对Pb(Ⅱ)在四种天然纳米颗粒上的吸附-解吸的影响,旨在为有效地控制土壤铅的环境行为提供依据。结果表明:在低p H时,四种土壤纳米颗粒Pb(Ⅱ)吸附量随p H的增大而增大,当p H5后吸附量达到最大且趋于稳定。相同初始浓度下,四种吸附材料对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附能力依次为黄绵土纳米颗粒塿土纳米颗粒风沙土纳米颗粒黑垆土纳米颗粒。且四种土壤纳米颗粒的吸附量与离子强度(IS)有关,当IS为0.01 mol·L~(-1)Na Cl时,Pb(Ⅱ)吸附量最大,而0.1 mol·L~(-1) Na Cl时吸附效果最差,吸附在低IS时形成内表面络合物,高IS时形成外表面络合物。Pb(Ⅱ)解吸率随p H的增大而减小,p H为3时解吸率最大,p H5后四种土壤纳米颗粒的解吸率降低。在不同IS的解吸液中,IS越大Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸率越大,解吸液为蒸馏水时解吸率最小。四种土壤纳米颗粒解吸率大小顺序为风沙土纳米颗粒塿土纳米颗粒黑垆土纳米颗粒黄绵土纳米颗粒。     

Changes of soil microbial communities during decomposition of straw residues under different land uses

Monitoring soil microbial communities can lead to better understanding of the transformation processes of organic carbon in soil. The present study investigated the changes of soil microbial communities during straw decomposition in three fields, i.e., cropland, peach orchard and vineyard. Straw decomposition was monitored for 360 d using a mesh-bag method. Soil microbial metabolic activity and functional diversity were measured using the Biolog-Eco system. In all three fields, dried straws with a smaller size decomposed faster than their fresh counterparts that had a larger size. Dried corn straw decomposed slower than dried soybean straw in the early and middle stages, while the reverse trend was found in the late stage. The cropland showed the highest increase in microbial metabolic activity during the straw decomposition, whereas the peach orchard showed the lowest. There was no significant change in the species dominance or evenness of soil microbial communities during the straw decomposition. However, the species richness fluctuated significantly, with the peach orchard showing the highest richness and the cropland the lowest. With different carbon sources, the peach orchard utilised carbon the most, followed by the cropland and the vineyard. In all three fields, carbon was utilized in following decreasing order: saccharidesamino acidspolymerspolyaminescarboxylic acidsaromatic compounds. In terms of carbon-source utilization, soil microbial communities in the peach orchard were less stable than those in the cropland. The metabolic activity and species dominance of soil microbial communities were negatively correlated with the straw residual percentage. Refractory components were primarily accumulated in the late stages, thus slowing down the straw decomposition. The results showed that dried and crushed corn straw was better for application in long-term fields. The diversity of soil microbial communities was more stable in cropland than in orchards during the straw decomposition.     

Screening of Streptomyces strains helping arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis against pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Phytophthora blight

Mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) can promote the formation and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, but their role and application potential in coping with soil-borne diseases are still unclear. A 14-week greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to obtain several actinomycete strains helping AM symbiosis in suppressing the Phytophthora blight of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), using a soil inoculated with Phytophthora capsici after sterilization. Five Streptomyces strains, including S. pseudogriseolus, S. albogriseolus, S. griseoaurantiacus, S. tricolor, and S. tendae, as well as the AM fungus (Funneliformis caledonium) were tested. The Phytophthora blight severity reached 66% at full productive stage in the uninoculated control, and inoculation of F. caledonium, S. griseoaurantiacus, and S. tricolor alone significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05) it to 47%, 40%, and 35%, respectively. Compared to F. caledonium alone, additional inoculation of S. tricolor or S. tendae, which were isolated from the rhizosphere of a healthy individual in an infected field, significantly elevated (P ＜ 0.05) root mycorrhizal colonization, root biomass, fruit yield, and total K acquisitions of pepper and further significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05) blight severity. According to the feature of enhancing disease-suppression by AM symbiosis, both S. tricolor and S. tendae were confirmed as MHB strains here. Specifically, S. tendae had a stronger performance in directly accelerating mycorrhization, while S. tricolor antagonist to the pathogenic P. capsici. Furthermore, S. griseoaurantiacus with the independent disease-suppression function was not an MHB strain here. The redundancy analyses demonstrated that when AM fungus was present, root mycorrhizal colonization replaced soil pH becoming the main factor affecting pepper Phytophthora blight. Thus, S. tricolor and S. tendae seemed to have the value of preparation and application in the future to help AM symbiosis against pepper Phytophthora blight.     

Biochar reduces uptake and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in winter wheat on a PAH-contaminated soil

For years, biochar has been successfully used for the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils, not only for improving their removal from soil but also for reducing their uptake by crops. However, the underlying mechanism of biochar application reducing PAH uptake and accumulation in winter wheat remains unclear. Pot trials were conducted on a PAH-contaminated soil amended with bamboo biochar, coconut shell biochar, and maize straw biochar (MSB) for an entire growth period of winter wheat. Compared with no biochar control (CK), application of the three types of biochar significantly (P < 0.01) reduced grain PAH concentration, total equivalent concentration (TEC), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), indicating that biochar application, especially MSB, reduced the risk of exposure to PAHs in wheat grain. Furthermore, all three types of biochar significantly (P < 0.05) reduced PAH uptake and accumulation in wheat roots and stems, probably because biochar application enhanced the degradation of PAHs in the rhizosphere soil. Compared with CK, application of the three types of biochar significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the concentration of PAHs in the rhizosphere soil by 15.9%-33.7%. It was found that the degradation rate of high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs (5- and 6-ring PAHs) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs (2-4-ring PAHs) regardless of the type of biochar used. Additionally, all three types of biochar significantly increased the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial phyla and genera in soil. Redundancy and correlation analyses also showed that there was a strong correlation between the removal rate of PAHs and dominant bacteria in the rhizosphere soil. This study indicated that biochar effectively reduced the health risk from dietary exposure to PAHs in wheat grains by increasing the abundance of bacteria related to PAH degradation, promoting the biodegradation of PAHs in the rhizosphere soil, and consequently reducing PAH uptake by wheat.     

不同改良剂对盐渍土西瓜耐盐性和生长的影响

为缓解土壤盐渍化对西瓜的胁迫，以“纯品8424”西瓜为试材进行田间试验，设置单施化肥（CF）、CF+胡敏酸钙（CFR1）、CF+水溶性硅肥（CFR2）、CF+鼠李糖脂（CFR3）、CF+胡敏酸钙+水溶性硅肥（CFR4）和CF+胡敏酸钙+水溶性硅肥+鼠李糖脂（CFR5）6个处理，研究了不同改良剂单独或配合施用对土壤pH、盐基离子、西瓜耐盐性及生长的影响，并采用隶属函数法对西瓜耐盐性指标进行综合评价，筛选出适宜盐渍土西瓜生长的最佳改良剂及其组合。结果表明：施用改良剂降低了土壤pH，其中CFR3、CFR4、CFR5的效果显著，较CF分别降低了0.3、0.4、0.4 （P<0.05）；改良剂单施或混施增加了土壤Ca²⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺含量，CFR1、CFR4、CFR5显著降低了土壤Na⁺含量，单一改良剂处理中以CFR1效果最好，与CF相比，土壤Na⁺含量降低了6.56%，土壤K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的含量则分别增加了16.13%、31.96%和20.85%，且均达到显著水平（P<0.05）；此外，单施或混施改良剂促进了西瓜光合作用与提质增产，其中净光合速率、可溶性固形物含量、产量较CF分别提高了15.22%~43.76%、8.57%~20.45%、14.41%~40.83%，单一改良剂处理中以CFR2的效果最好；施加改良剂显著降低了西瓜植株中的Na⁺含量，使西瓜耐盐性增强，丙二醛含量、叶片O₂^-·产生速率较CF分别降低了12.14%~30.97%、18.97%~47.59%，而过氧化物酶活性、脯氨酸含量则分别增加了31.72%~74.73%、26.56%~48.95%。研究表明，胡敏酸钙、水溶性硅肥、鼠李糖脂3种改良剂单独或混合施用不仅能在一定程度上缓解土壤盐分胁迫对西瓜植株的伤害，而且可显著增强西瓜的耐盐性并促进其生长。单一改良剂处理中以胡敏酸钙的效果较好，3种改良剂配合施用较单一改良剂处理能进一步提高西瓜的耐盐性，综合作用效果达到最佳。     

中国土壤质地分类系统的发展与建议修订方案

土壤质地一定程度上决定土体中水、气、热、盐/溶质的传输特征及其机械力学性能,是进行工农业生产活动、建立土壤转换函数及开展土壤水热数值模拟研究所必需的关键参数。因此,土壤质地分类是土壤学、农学、环境科学及工程等多门学科的研究基础。迄今为止,世界各国制定了数十种土壤质地分类系统,并建立了对应的三角图/三元相图用于土壤质地查询或制图。经过历代土壤工作者的不懈努力,中国土壤质地分类在不断吸收美国制、卡庆斯基制和国际制经验的基础上,结合我国实际制定了1986版的质地分类系统,但该分类系统仍存在分类标准不清晰及无法制作土壤质地三角图的局限。本研究基于现行的1986版土壤质地分类系统提出了一种改进的修订方案供讨论,目的是明确各个质地类型的界限,并首次创建方便使用的土壤质地平面正三角和直角三角坐标图,同时编写了基于Origin的查询/制图工具包。鉴于我国土壤学界普遍使用国际制、美国制或混用的现状,国内迫切需要在各个行业中大力推广和应用中国土壤质地分类制,这既可以统一标准,也是我国土壤科学发展水平的重要体现。此外,为了便于国际交流,未来还应重点研究中国制和其他分类系统之间的定量转换关系并开发相关自动转换程序。     

褐土碳酸钙结核的胶体特性研究

碳酸钙是黄土母质发育土壤的重要胶结物质，对土壤团粒结构的形成具有重要作用。本文采集了碳酸盐褐土中的碳酸钙结核，采用物理分散法和化学分散法分别提取得到褐土碳酸钙结核纳米颗粒和褐土碳酸钙结核胶体，并以工业纳米碳酸钙作为对照对其胶体特性进行研究。采用X射线衍射仪、zeta电位仪和动态光散射仪对褐土碳酸钙结核胶体和工业纳米碳酸钙的矿物组成、zeta电位和胶体稳定性进行了表征。结果表明：褐土碳酸钙结核胶体、褐土碳酸钙结核纳米颗粒和工业纳米碳酸钙的初始颗粒直径分别为224.24、88.01和98.50 nm，而褐土碳酸钙结核胶体和褐土碳酸钙结核纳米颗粒的多分散度高于工业纳米碳酸钙。褐土碳酸钙结核胶体中方解石含量为70.3%，其次含有石英、长石和伊利石等矿物；褐土碳酸钙结核纳米颗粒主要含有方解石和伊利石，含量分别为48%和45%。3种碳酸钙胶体表面均带负电荷，其zeta电位绝对值均随着溶液pH的增大而增大。褐土碳酸钙结核胶体在NaCl和CaCl₂溶液中的临界聚沉浓度分别为538.01 mmol/L和2.08 mmol/L，褐土碳酸钙结核纳米颗粒在NaCl和CaCl₂溶液中的临界聚沉浓度为82.18 mmol/L和1.11 mmol/L，而工业纳米碳酸钙的临界聚沉浓度为80.37 mmol/L和1.59 mmol/L。3种碳酸钙胶体的矿物组成差异是引发其凝聚行为差别的内在原因，化学分散剂的表面修饰作用、颗粒直径大小和溶液化学条件也是影响胶体稳定性的重要因素。本文研究结果表明，碳酸钙胶体的可变电荷特性可能是其具有胶结特性的本质原因，其对石灰性土壤团聚体结构的影响还需要进一步深入研究。